Graduation Speech Being A Junior Class Representative Essay

Blacked Out I can t believe I have a meeting at this time, I thought to myself as I searched for my eye glasses. I headed towards the door and checked the time. It was running close to 7 o’clock in the evening. I had just enough time to make it to the meeting punctually. Besides, the Starbucks that we are all meeting at is only a few blocks away. Mom, I m heading out! I screamed to the other room. Where do you think you re going? My overprotective mom replied. It s getting dark out there! I told you a week ago, mom. I have a Key Club meeting. I have to go. I m one of the officers! Key Club became a major priority to me ever since I landed the position of junior class representative. My responsibilities as a junior class representative were to ensure that all of the juniors in the club were aware of volunteering events, organize who would be volunteering at those events, and inform them of any other activities going on within the club. This meeting would be covering details abo ut future fundraising events, thus it was important for me to attend so that I can pass the information onto the junior members. There is no way you are walking by yourself at this time, my mom scolded. Do you know what could happen to you? I didn t want to call my president on such short notice to tell her I couldn t attend. After putting on my shoes, I decided to go anyway; besides, I knew how to take care of myself. If anyone tried to kidnap me, all I had to do wasShow MoreRelatedCOMM292 Case Studies23202 Words   |  93 Pagesdifficult learning team experience could taint the entire first-year school experience. Although Marshall wanted to help, he was not at all sure how to do so. Perhaps describing the situation to his fellow peer mentors in his second-year elective class on managing teams would draw out some good ideas. In his mind, Marshall could hear himself explain the story: Let me first describe the team members. Essentially, they were all around 26 years of age, athletic, and had professional backgrounds in financeRead MoreSadie Hawkins Day and Valentine Grams18321 Words   |  74 Pagessince Make-A-Wish’s teddy bears looked different from ours and ABC^2 is donating to charity,† revealed Chi- nese Club President Shian Hong. All three clubs allowed the option of sending the valentine grams anonymously. All grams are being delivered today during class. â€Å"I bought a rose for my friend anonymously because I want to surprise her,† said sophomore Jeffrey Hua, just one of the many anonymous senders. According to Shian, almost all customers send anonymously. 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Copyright  © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 2 Class hile he was still in college, Tomas Juarez had decided he wanted to work with children from low-income families. He began his teaching career, however, in a culturally diverse suburban school. The school had been built only a few years before andRead MoreTexas Rangers13480 Words   |  54 Pagesthen briefly in Chicago,he began a systematic first hand inspection of Wright’s buildings.Far from the disappointment experienced by Colin Rowe a year or so later,on much the same tour,Hoesli was both stimulated and excited by what he found.After graduation from the ET H,Hoesli had been greatly impressed by Henrry-Russelll Hicthcock’s Painting Towards Architecture,which set forth a direct relationship between cubism and modern architecture.Such â€Å"grand themes†as Hitchcock had proposed continued toRead MorePaul Smith’s College Capstone Project Handbook11148 Words   |  45 Pagestheories and methods learned, students analyze, synthesize and evaluate information. The Capstone Project provides a representative sample of a student’s work that may be used to assess student learning. Individually, or in small groups, students will work independently on their projects under the supervision of a mentor, who will also participate in the project evaluation. During their junior year, students will take a Capstone Planning seminar which will provide the foundation for their work on the CapstoneRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesmean that the school endors es these views or opinions. ix Acknowledgments A huge credit is owed to five contributors from the Class of 2008 and Class of 2009 who helped source the content, select essays, and write critiques and chapter introductions: Aastha Gurbax and Uma Subramanian from the Class of 2008 and Will Boland, Linda Dempah, and Zachary Surak from the Class of 2009. We thank all the HBSstudents and alumni who kindly shared their personal es... says.We would also like to thank the staffRead MoreA Jerney in to the Deaf World15812 Words   |  64 Pagesoral program and she spent most of her life not being able to sign. She explains that she was deprived of being able to communicate for a good portion of her life because the school was so oral. Henry lost his hearing at the age of 21 so his experience was also very different. He explains that losing his hearing was the best thing that every happened to him. This sums up the whole chapter. It is trying to show the reader different reactions to being deaf, and how deaf people, like everyone else,Read MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 Pagesthe manager of an electric company and owner of a ranch and mines, Jim expressed contempt for black Americans who continued to submit to segregation and live in poverty. 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Eli Whitney s Invention Of Interchangeable Parts And Mass...

â€Å"I shall not stay here†¦ Up before day, at the clang of a bell and out the mill by the bell - just as though we were so many living machines† (Hopkinson 37). Many girls, between the ages of fifteen and thirty-five, worked at textile mills during the Industrial Revolution for eleven to twelve hours a day, with little time to catch their breath and fresh air. The Industrial Revolution started in Europe in the eighteenth century and spread to America during the nineteenth century. Eli Whitney’s invention of interchangeable parts and mass production helped lead the American Industrial Revolution, which started after the War of 1812 and peaked during the 1870’s. During this time period, many factories, mills, and factory cities were constructed, one of which was Lowell, Massachusetts, and employed women because their salaries were lower and therefore cost less. The conditions of the mills and boarding houses that the girls lived in were unpleasant and crowde d, and they could easily become ill. Eventually, after the height of the Industrial Revolution, women fought for their rights and better conditions in their workplaces. The Industrial Revolution changed women’s roles in society, as it made jobs that were filled by girls, put them in challenging settings, and united them to work for change in the workforce. The Industrial Revolution was a time period in American history, starting from about the late 1700’s to the early 1800’s and peaked during the 1870’s. Samuel Slater cameShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1468 Words   |  6 Pages The industrial revolution began in the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time most people lived on farms or in small rural villages. Prior to the industrial revolution most manufacturing was done in homes using hand tools and simple basic machines. 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America went through the industrial revolution brining along technological advancements that are still used today. American citizens also started to separate into two groups: for slavery, and against it. And there was the rise of the great market economy. Throughout this period of U.S. history, changes occur that shape the world that Americans live in to this very day. During the Antebellum era there were a large number of advancementsRead MoreEvolution of Production and Operations Management2318 Words   |  10 Pagesmanagement is about getting the day-to-day work done quickly, efficiently, without errors, and at low cost. _Figure 1 - Operations process_ THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND POM The Industrial Revolution began in the 1770s in England and spread to the rest of Europe and to North America during the nineteenth century. A number of innovations changed the face of production forever by substituting machine power for human power. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAyana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management:

How Hr Impacts a Company Performance free essay sample

Human Capital is the most important resource for an organisation to succeed. The quality of the human resource and the work performance directly impact an organisation’s performance. Thus, human resource management plays an important role to ensure the efficiency in an organisation’s daily operations via efficient recruitment, training and development, and staff retention. Besides, efficient human resource management may create competitive advantage to an organisation. There are various theories explained how human resource management impacts an organisation’s performance. This essay focuses on two theories – Reinforcement Theory and Resource-Based Theory. 2. 0 Reinforcement Theory and the Implementation Reinforcement theory was proposed by BF Skinner and his associates. It focuses of shaping human behaviour by controlling the consequences of the behaviour. In reinforcement theory a combination of rewards and/or punishments is used to reinforce desired behaviour or extinguish unwanted behaviour. It has similar base as â€Å"law of effect† where it states that individual behaviour leads to different consequences. Thus if a behaviour leads to positive consequences, the individual tends to repeat the same behaviour in the future. On the other hand, if a behaviour leads to negative consequences, the individual will try to change their behaviour to avoid the unpleasant consequences. For example, employees may obey the company’s rules and regulation as they may fear of disobedience leads will lead to punishment. On the other hand, employees try to meet the target set at work as they may be rewarded. Thus, in order to change employee behavior, the consequences of the behavior must be changed. For example, an employee who is frequently late to work, may be motivated to report to work on time (change of behavior) by changing the consequences of being late. Behavior modification consists of 4 methods: 2. 0. 1Positive and Negative Reinforcement This implies to remove negative behaviour of the employees by giving positive consequences to the employees. For example, a company could establish a reward system to the sales team, when certain target has been achieved, sales person would receive additional incentives. Both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement encourage certain behaviour to be happened or repeated. The more spontaneous the reward is given, the greater the reinforcement value it has. 2. 0. 2 Punishment This implies to decrease the probability of undesirable actions by enforcing some punishments or negative consequences to the employees. For example, salary deduction for employees those do not report to work punctually. 2. 0. 3 Extinction The objective of extinction is to reduce the unwanted behaviour. If an employee gets praised for the promptness of his job completion for certain period of time, but receives no praise subsequently, his desirable behaviours may diminish. Thus, managers have to continue to offer positive consequences to avoid unwanted extinction of behaviour. 2. 1 Reinforcement Theory impacts on organisation’s performance The core objective of Reinforcement Theory in Human Resource Management is to change the employees’ behaviour. Increase the possibility of positive behaviour and reduce the chances of negative behaviour. Organisation performance will be boosted if there is drastic change in employees’ behaviour from negative to positive. Besides, it also ensures the positive behaviour to be maintained as a norm in an organisation. New joiners may follow the company good norms which will past through generation by generation. Below are some of the examples how Reinforcement Theory impacts an organisation’s performance: 2. 1. 1 Attendance and punctuality improvements Positive reinforcement and punishment towards employees’ punctuality may improve the punctuality to work. For example some companies provide extra allowance to employees who adheres the punctuality to work and salary deductions for those who is late to work. This may motivates employees to arrive on time. This cultivates a culture where time management is important in the organisation. Hence, the discipline of the organisation gets improved which also leads to work efficiency. Sales result improvements Positive Reinforcement for instance Incentive given to the sales department may motivate the sales persons work towards to achieve the sales target. Sales persons may change their working style by making more cold-calling, increase the efficiency in time management by visiting more customers. As a result, it may increase the company’s revenue. Productivity improvements Performance appraisal system can be used in the implementation of reinforcement theory. For example, KPIs set for employees according to the organisation’s visions and goals. This serves as the key performance measurement for the employees. Employees work towards the KPIs in order to receive good appraisal, and expected to receive a better rewards and compensation. Organisation’s performance relies on the achievement of the KPIs. If the most of the KPIs can be met from bottom to top, the organisation’s has higher chance to achieve its visions and goals. Summary of Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement theory focuses on what will the consequences happens to the individual after some actions has been taken. This theory argues that the internal state and the reasons of the actions of the individuals can be ignored as human tends to exhibit their behaviours base on the result of the behaviour. Reinforcement theory does not focus on the causes of individual’s behaviour. As a result, it may shows lack of empathic and less human in a sense if we ignore the cause of the behaviour of an individual. For example, if an employee always late in work, the manager could have understand the reason behind and decide whether salary deduction to be enforced for this employee. Nevertheless, in terms of organisational management, Reinforcement Theory serves as a very direct way to control the employees’ behaviour by understanding the needs and fears of the employees. Employees may tend to adhere to the rules and regulations as they look forward for the positive consequences (reward or praise), and avoiding negative actions as they are fearful of negative consequences (punishments). As a result, company performance will be enhanced if the employees show positive behaviour more frequent. 3. 0 Resource-Based Theory and the Implementation Resource-Based Theory argues that human resources is a subset of an organisation to enable them to achieve competitive advantage and business sustainability. Valuable and niche resources leads to an organisation’s competitive advantage. Moreover, the firm has to be able to protect against the resource turnover in order to sustain the competitive advantage for longer period of time. The source of Resource-Based Theory dates back to 1967, Selznick proposed the term organisation’s distinctive competence. Later in 1959, Penrose, puts forward the Theory of the Dynamic Growth of the Firm and defined an organisation’s achieve distinctive competence through the distribution and the use of resources. This concept later became the basis of resource-based theory. In 1984, Wernerfelt who lead the mainstream strategic management, proposed a resource-based idea that the internal organisational resources and the external commodity markets together form a complementary strategy. In an industry, if an organisation has the internal distinctive resource of value, rarity, inimitability and non-substitutability (Barney, 1991), it is able to increase the quality of goods and services. Which also enable the organisation to create competitive advantage and to sustain the competitive advantage. There are two main criteria in resource-based theory: resource diversity and resource immobility (Barney, 1991). 3. 0. 1 Resource diversity This refers to the human resource expertise are niche and specialise in the market, which leads to create the competitive advantage for an organisation. This is important for organisation which the business is emphasis on innovation, consultancy, creativity and etc. For example, If an organisation is trying to develop a new innovative product, it requires resources with specialise knowledge and expertise to achieve the goal. If those resources are niche in the market and other competitors cannot duplicate the product easily, it creates competitive advantage to the organisation. To ensure resource diversity, important effort requires in recruiting quality and competent employees, provide training and development to the existing employees in order to achieve resource diversity. Resource immobility This refers to how easy the resource turnover from one oganisation to another. It is important for an organisation to retain productive human resources in order to ensure the organisation operates smoothly and to sustain the competitive advantage. In order to ensure the resource immobility, it requires efficient staff retention program, clear and achievable career path, career advancement opportunity, good benefit and compensation policy. 3. 1 Resource-Based Theory impacts on organisation’s performance The implementation of resource-based theory is able to improve an organisation’s performance as below: Increase Work Efficiency Work efficiency can be achieved if the employees are proficient in their role. It creates higher chance to prone to errors and finally it increases the company’s performance in various areas. 3. 1. 2 Create Professional Image to the Organisation Employees with high competency in job creates professional image to the organisation. This is important to increase the good will and brand name of the organisation. Besides, for those businesses mainly providing professional services to the clients requires employees with highly competency in order to create the competitive advantage among the competitors.

The Election Essay free essay sample

A watershed Election is one that changes history. The candidate has a campaign that decides the course of politics for decades; one that is especially memorable, or that proves to be a dividing line between historical periods. The election of 1896 was just that. The depression of the 1 8905, and President Cleveland unwillingness to use federal resources to assist the unemployed, alienated irate farmers and workers from the Democratic Party. During the 1 892 and 1 894 elections, Democrats suffered large Congressional seat losses while Republicans and Populists each achieved significant gains.As the presidential election of 1 896 drew closer and political leaders worked to define party platforms, currency standards became the hottest issue. While Republicans endorsed the gold standard to win east coast industrialist votes, Populists continued to support unlimited silver coinage to increase the money supply. Democrats, meanwhile, were split as they struggled to find a common direction for their party and overcome the unpopular actions and policies of the Cleveland administration. We will write a custom essay sample on The Election Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page At the Democratic convention in Chicago, the commanding presence of William Jennings Bryan captured the attention of the delegates as he spoke in favor of using the ratio of 16 ounces of silver to 1 ounce of gold to create coins. Brans support of silver over gold angered those who favored only gold, commonly called Goldberg. But through a series of speeches, primarily in the south and west where farmers and silver miners lived, support for Brans plan grew rapidly. Many considered the 36-year-old, two-term congressman from Nebraska one of the best speakers of the day.Bryan rose to national prominence when he fought for the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which required the treasury to purchase 4. Million ounces of silver each month. The agreement, he claimed, would have a harmful inflationary impact on the economy. Bryan used his exceptional oratory skills to call for the implementation of silver coinage and an end to the big business-backed gold standard. We have petitioned and our petitions have been scorned, Bryan told the audience. We have entreated and our entreaties have been disregarded. We have begged and they have mocked when our calamity came.We beg no longer. We entreat no more. We petition no more. We defy them. Bryan concluded his speech with a phrase that appeared in newspapers across the country ND set the tone for the Democratic campaign. You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, he warned, describing the usage of unlimited coinage of silver and gold as a holy cause. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold! He then dramatically extended his arms as if he were on a crucifix. Brans spectacular Cross of Gold speech invoked a resounding response from the delegates.The convention promptly adopted a platform calling for unlimited coinage of silver and gold at a ratio Of 16 to 1, and then nominated the energetic Bryan for president. However, not everyone agreed with the nomination. Pro-gold Democrats refused to support Bryan and instead nominated their own candidate, Senator John M. Palmer of Illinois. The move was an obvious attempt to hinder Brans quest to follow through on his silver coinage strategy. I will not consider it any great fault if you decide to cast your vote for William McKinley, Palmer exclaimed, referring to the Republican presidential nominee.The Democrats decision to nominate Bryan created a predicament for the Populist Party. If they selected their own candidate, they risked splitting the pro-silver vote, which would give McKinley and the gold-supporting Republicans the White House. However, if they also nominated Bryan, they would lose their party identity. The Populists eventually nominated Bryan, but to separate themselves from the Democrats, they replaced vice-presidential candidate Arthur Seawall with Tom Watson, a former leader of the Farmers Alliance.Republicans looked to capitalize on their popularity in the upper Midwest and the Northeast. McKinley, governor of Ohio and a strong proponent of high tariffs, generated substantial support from wealthy industrialists. Ohio businessman Marcus Alonzo Hanna raised more than three million dollars to promote McKinley candidacy. Hanna understood the power of brochures and newspapers as promotional tools and blanketed cities with 250 million pieces of campaign literature in English and the native languages of immigrants, including German, Swedish, Polish, and Italian.He also sent 1,500 speakers across the nation to preach about the qualities, abilities, and ideals of the Republican nominee. During the 1 adds, politicians rarely played large roles in their own campaigns because it was considered improper to deliberately pursue the presidency. While Bryan shunned tradition and traveled thousands of miles to take advantage of his inconsiderable public speaking skills, Hanna advised McKinley to conduct a front-porch campaign. Thousands of people from across the country converged on M cKinley front lawn in Canton, Ohio, to hear him deliver brief speeches. Railroad owners who supported McKinley offered discounted fares so people from every State could afford to hear the Republican speak. Assistants carefully coordinated the arrival and departure of different groups so McKinley could tailor his speeches to the interests of his audience. With his mother and wife at his side, the candidate then hosted small receptions and shook hands with individual delegates. The candidates spent weeks wing for the support of voters, but Brans focus on the silver issue eventually hurt him.The Democrat discussed how the influx of silver would help indebted farmers, but he failed to appeal to the people in urban areas who cared about jobs, wages, and enhanced working conditions. Both McKinley and Hanna had solid relationships with labor groups and company owners. However, some industrialists turned to threats to guarantee a Republican win. You may vote any way you wish, some plant owners allegedly told their workers, but if Bryan is elected on Tuesday, the whistle will not blow on Wednesday.When authorities tallied election results, Bryan carried all Of the States Of the former Confederacy and many of the states in the Plains and the mountain west, but it was not enough. McKinley collected 271 electoral votes to Brans 176. The battle between silver and gold, as it turned out, had little impact on the future of Americas currency. In the years following the election, new gold discoveries in Colorado, Alaska, Australia, and South Africa led to an expansion of the money supply. And inflation from the new supply of gold was greater than what many anticipated would be the result of free silver.The economic recovery catapulted Republicans to the front of the political stage and established them as the party of prosperity. The strong Republican performance left Democrats with only sectional followers, primarily poor southern farmers who supported aging policies and failed to recognize industrial advances. The Populist Party lost many of its members and faded from the American political landscape. McKinley won re-election in 1900, again defeating Bryan and the aging Democratic platform. Much like the previous election, McKinley campaigned from the comfort of his home andBryan toured the country speaking to anyone who would listen. However, this time the Republicans presented their own roving politician when vice- presidential candidate Theodore Roosevelt traveled from state to state. His brash and charismatic personality stole the limelight from the smooth-talking Bryan and helped McKinley post an even larger win than he experienced in 1896. The election of 1 900 was perhaps the most significant election after the victories of Abraham Lincoln because it marked a change in American politics. No longer would presidential candidates make concerted efforts to court the agrarian vote.Rather, big business and large urban centers would greatly influence the outcome of elections as opposed to votes being widely dispersed throughout the United States. Republicans remained in office for 16 consecutive years after the election of 1 900 and shaped America to reflect their values. As Republican concerns became increasingly aligned with the concerns of prosperous, white collar, corporate-minded Americans, the face of the Republican party shifted. African Americans and less affluent Americans, who at one time formed the core of the party, left in search of a political organization that would represent their interests.

Copper Practical Essay Example

Copper Practical Essay Example Copper Practical Essay Copper Practical Essay In this practical I will be making copper. Copper is extracted by reduction although for many purposes such as electrical wiring, copper is required in a high state of purity. For this purpose, copper is purified by electrolysis. Purification of copper by electrolysis consists of an anode made of an impure copper plate and a cathode made of a pure copper plate. The electrolyte is copper (II) sulphate solution. All of the impurities that were in the impure copper plate are collected at the bottom of the cell and are known as anode mud. This can also be refined to produce precious metals such as silver, gold and platinum. Materials Bunsen burner Malachite powder (copper carbonate) Carbon powder Heat proof mat Weighing scales Beaker Test tube Filter paper Cold water Spatula Test tube rack Scrap paper (for using as a surface when weighing the malachite powder) Risk Assessment Risk Danger Precaution Action Malachite powder(copper carbonate) Harmful if swallowed. Powder and dust irritates lung and eyes Handle carefully making sure no powder falls If swallowed wash out mouth. If inhaled get fresh air Carbon powder Inhalation affects lungs Handle carefully making sure not to drop powder or inhale if inhaled get fresh air glassware Could break, causing wounds and bleeding Handle carefully and wear goggles at all times Inform teacher and clear away immediately Method 1. I put 2.5 grams of malachite powder into a large test tube and heated it gently, until it turned black and stopped rising in the test tube. 2. I allowed the test tube to cool. 3. I added 2.5 grams of carbon powder and mixed well. 4. I heated the mixture strongly until it turned red. 5. I let the mixture cool. 6. I then separated the copper from the waste by half filling put the copper onto the filter paper to dry it. I measured the test tube with water and poured the mixture into a beaker of cold water. 7. I then left for 2 minutes and then poured off the dirty water. 8. I kept adding cold water to the mixture and poured off the dirty water until I saw pink copper at the bottom of the tube. 9. I put the copper onto filter paper to dry it. I measured the mass of dried copper. This was my actual yield. 10. I calculated my percentage yield. Results Calculating percentage yield 2CuCO3 2CuO +2CO2 first heating it in air 2CuO+C 2Cu+CO2 heating with carbon Relative atomic masses Cu=63.5 C=12 0=16 Relative molecular mass of copper carbonate (CuCO3) = 248 Calculation= 63.5+12= (163) =123.5 Relative atomic mass of copper (Cu)=63.5 Actual mass of CuCO3 used= Theoretical mass of copper produced= 127 x 2.5 x 247 Percentage yield= actual yield Theoretical yield Conclusion In this practical I was successfully able to create some copper, using the correct laboratory method to create it. However, my copper is impure, with lots of unwanted substances within it. My copper also has poor electrical properties. However, copper which is made in industry also has the same problems, although industries fix this problem by us a variety of methods which I will explain later. Evaluation As my copper is impure, it would not be very suitable for use in industry. When copper is produced in industry, companies ensure they do everything possible to increase the purity of the copper. Purifying copper by electrolysis Copper can be purified by electrolysis. Electrolysis allows you to gain a higher percentage of pure copper as opposed to having impure copper. When aqueous copper sulphate solute is electrolysed on copper electrodes, the copper is deposited on the cathode (which contains pure copper) and the anode loses weight (the anode has the impure copper on it). The aqueous copper sulphate solution has copper ions (Cu2+) and sulphate ions ( SO42-). In the process of electrolysis, the positive Cu2+ are attracted to the negative cathode, which is where they have an increase in the number of electrons and also form neutral copper atoms. The copper is deposited on the cathode. The opposite also occurs in electrolysis. In electrolysis, sulphate ions are attracted towards the positive anode. However, these are ions are very stable and are not discharged. Copper atoms, which are what the anode is made up of, give up 2 electrons to form Cu2+ ions. This technique is carried out industrially to purify impure copper. In industrial electrolysis, the impure copper forms the anode of the electrical cell. The cathode is a sheet of pure copper. The el ectrolyte in this process is copper sulphate solution. The impure copper gets rid of the impurities and pure copper is deposited on the cathode. Electrolysis an important method if the purity of the copper is an important factor in the production process. However, electrolysis is an expensive method to carry out. Also, occasionally it can be difficult to separate pure copper from the carbon. Purer copper is produced in a short period of time, although in order to get a good yield it is necessary to leave the electrolysis to happen over a period of a few hours. Electrolysis works best and most efficiently when it is carried out without any pauses. Electrolysis should be carried out continuously without any pauses. Errors During my practical I encountered errors. I overcame these errors by following all the precautions required, which I will explain. My first possible source of error was when weighing the malachite powder. I could have weighed too much of the malachite powder without noticing and so this may have affected my final result. I overcame this by carefully weighing the malachite powder on accurate scales and zeroing the scales before I weighed the powder, so the weight of the malachite powder did not add onto another weight which would have made my results and practical inaccurate. My second possible source of error was when I was burning the copper until it turned red. I may have been burning the copper for too long and/or not noticed that the copper had already turned red. I overcame this error by concentrating and observing the copper carefully. My third possible source of error was when I was taking the copper out of the test tube and putting it onto the filter paper. I may have accidentally left some of the copper at the bottom of the test tube. This may have been because I had accidentally left it at the bottom of the test tube or I may not have been able to take the copper out of the test tube. I also may have lost some of the copper on my glass rod when I was stirring the solution. Industrial manufacture of copper In this section I will be comparing the method I have used to manufacture copper with the industrial method used to extract and manufacture copper. I will sow this in the form of a comparison table. Comparison point Industrial method( carried out in the blast furnace) Laboratory/school method Grinding the ore process In the blast furnace, this stage is carried out by utilising a crusher first to get individual pieces. These pieces are then grounded into smaller pieces in water by using steel balls in a rotating cylinder. In a laboratory, the copper ore (copper pyrites) is crushed up by using a mortar. It is then further crushed until it is a fine powder. Concentrating the ore The ore is then concentrated by getting rid of all unwanted impurities by carrying out the process of froth flotation. Flotation is the process of crushing impure rocks and then separating the ore from the impurities in order to gain the rich metals. It is used in industry often. In schools and laboratories where there is not access to froth flotation, the ore is concentrated by heating it. This converts it to copper oxide, which has a higher copper content within it, therefore making it more concentrated. Separating the copper This is process of several steps. 1) Matte is produced in a flash furnace. The dry ore is mixed with sand. The word equation of this reaction is as follows: CuFeS2+ 5O2+2SiO2 2Cu2S,FeS + 2FeSiO3+ 4SO2 2) The matte and lag are tapped off separately. Sulphur dioxide is used to create sulphuric acid. 3) Air and sand is reacted with matte. 4) The iron sulphide reacts with air and it is then converted into slag. The word equation to describe this is as follows: 2FeS+ 3O2+2SiO2 2FeSiO3+2SO2 (which is the slag) 5) The copper sulphide reacts to produce a copper metal. The word equation to describe this is as follows: CuS2+O2 2Cu+SO2 6) The end product from all of these stages is called blister copper. It is about 98% pure. The method used for this is the same as I have done in the practical. The copper oxide heated in a test tube with carbon, which produces impure copper. The word equation to describe this is as follows: 2CuO + 2Cu 2Cu + CO2 Purifying the copper To further increase the level of purity of the copper, electrolysis is used. 1) The copper metal is drawn into anodes and it is then electrolysed using 0.3 M copper sulphate 0.2 M sulphuric acid. To ensure you are only gaining pure copper, pure copper cathodes are used. 2) A reaction occurs at the cathode, which can be described as follows: Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) This copper is now 99.99% pure. In the laboratory and school, the same level of accuracy does not occur when compared to industrial standards. 1) The copper and carbon mixture is mixed with water and then it is poured into a beaker. 2) This copper is then allowed time to settle. 3) After it has settled, the carbon and water mixture is poured away again. 4) This process is repeated several times. As you can see from this comparison table, the manufacture of copper in industry is a lot more precise and accurate than the manufacture of copper in the school or laboratory. In industry, all methods are employed to ensure that the copper is a pure as possible. However, in school, although every effort is made to try to remove all impurities, some impurities still remain as schools and laboratories sometimes do not have the equipment to ridden the impurities from the copper. In industry, there is key difference in the scale of production from the scale of production within a school or laboratory. In industry, copper is produced on a very large scale, as the copper is required by many people and as a result demand will be higher. This makes industries produce more copper. On the other hand, when copper is produced in the school or laboratory, it is only required by a few people and for small, limited use. As a result of this, there will not be much point in creating lots of copper, which is why copper is produced on a small scale in the school or laboratory. Another area where there is a difference between the industrial production of copper and copper production in the school or laboratory regards cost. Industrial production of copper is on a large-scale and therefore requires a lot more equipment and higher level equipment to maintain a high industrial standard. This requires the expenditure of a lot of money in order to buy the high level equipment. As a result, the cost of manufacturing copper in industry is a lot higher as opposed to the cost of manufacturing copper in school or the laboratory. The reason why the cost of producing copper in school is not very much is because low level equipment is used to manufacture it. In school, we only used basic equipment during our experiment. This equipment does not cost very much and therefore manufacturing copper in the school or laboratory is not expensive.

New SAT Format What It Means for You

New SAT Format What It Means for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT has had a complete makeover. Just a quick glance will show you that it barely resembles its previous self. Manystudents, luckily, will find its transformation quite attractive. This guide will help you catch up on the changes with a comprehensive overview of the new SAT format. Read on to learn about the test’s new designand scoring, followed by some tips on what these changes mean for test-takers. To begin, let’s go over the overall structure of the SAT. What’s the Structure of the New SAT? On a broad strokes level, the new SAT looks very different from its predecessor. The old SAT had tensections of various lengths. They were 10, 20, or 25 minutes in length, and, for the most part, the order of subjects was completely random. Among these ten sections was an unidentified experimental section, which, though unscored, could still mess with test-takers’ minds with its strange question types. For most test-takers, the changes to the SAT are probably very welcome. For one thing, the new SAT format 2016 is much more predictable. Now you can know exactly what order the subjects come in, as well as the amount of time and number of questions you’ll get. Furthermore, you won’t have to deal with ten sections, but instead will get just four, or five if you choose to take the now optional essay.That pesky experimental section, by the way, has been eliminated. This chart shows the structure of the new SAT. Since we now know section length and number of questions, we can also estimate approximately how much timeyou get per question. Order Section Time in Minutes # of Questions Time per question 1 Reading 65 52 75 seconds 2 Writing and Language 35 44 48 seconds 3 Math No Calculator 25 20 75 seconds 4 Math Calculator 55 38 77 seconds 5 Essay (optional) 50 1 Total: 3 hours, 50 minutes (3 hours without essay) 154 (+1 essay prompt) As you can see, the new SAT presents each topic in one big chunk of time, rather than dividing them into several shorter sections. The only exception is Math, which is divided for the first time into a â€Å"calculator permitted† and a â€Å"calculator prohibited† section. The Essay section now comes at the end of the SAT, and the decision to take it is left up to the student. When you take the SAT, you’ll get a 5-minute break after about every hour of testing. That means you’ll get a break after the Reading section and a second one after the Math No Calculator. If you’re taking the Essay section, you’ll also get a break before starting. In addition to giving the test in its entiretya more predictable structure, College Board has also become more transparent about what you’ll encounter on each individual section of the SAT. Let’s take a closer look at each section, starting with the one that always comes first: Reading. "Don't like the weather in New England? Just wait five minutes!" Unlike the fickle weather that inspired this cheesy dad joke, the new SAT format is very predictable. Reading Section Structure SAT Reading is the longest section of the new SAT, clocking in at 65 minutes. All Reading questions are passage-based. You’ll answer 10 to 12 questions on each of five passages, for a total of 52 questions. As you saw in the chart above, that leaves you with about 1 minute and 15 seconds per question. All of the questions are multiple choice and feature four answer choices: A, B, C, and D. The source and subject matter of each passage is predetermined, a useful piece of information for your test prep. You’ll get one passage from US or world literature, two dealing with history and social studies, and two related to science. One or more of these passages will be accompanied by a graphic, such as a table or graph. In fact, you'll encounter tables and graphs in all four sections of the SAT. Writing and Language Section Structure The SAT Writing and Language section is about half as long as Reading at 35 minutes. It’s technically called Writing and Language, but you’ll probably hear it shortened to Writing. All of its questions are also passage-based. You’ll get 11 questions for each of four passages, for a total of 44 questions on the Writing section. That leaves you with about 47 to 48 seconds to answer each question. All of the Writing questions are multiple choice with four answer choices, A, B, C, and D. Since some of the questions ask you about changing a word or sentence, many will feature an answer choice (typically choice A) that reads, â€Å"No change.† Going along with the SAT’s greater predictability, the subject matter of the Writing passages is predetermined. The passages deal with Careers, Social Studies, Humanities, and Science. Unlike the Reading section, you won’t encounter any prose or selections from literature; all of the Writing passages will be argument-based, explanatory, or nonfiction narrative. As mentioned above, you'llfind data interpretation questions on graphs and tables throughout the SAT, and the Writing section is no exception. One or more of the passages will accompany a graphic, and you might be asked whether the passage and graphicare in sync with each other. The designers of the new SAT went a little graph crazy; you'll find graphics in every section of the test. Math No Calculator Section Structure A Math section during which you’re not allowed to use a calculator is completely new on the SAT. This 25-minute section asks you 20 questions, and you’re not allowed to use a calculator on any of them. 15 of these questions are multiple choice, and the remaining five are â€Å"grid-ins,† officially known as student-produced responses. Time #of Multiple Choice #of Grid-ins 25 minutes 15 (#1-15) 5 (#16-20) The Math No Calculator section asks questions that fall into three skills areas, Heart of Algebra, Passport to Advanced Math, and Additional Topics. The main focus, as you can see in the chart below, falls on Heart of Algebra and Passport to Advanced Math. Content Categories #of Questions Percent of Test Heart of Algebra 8 40% Passport to Advanced Math 9 45% Additional Topics 3 15% Source: College Board You won’t find any Problem Solving and Data Analysis questions here. These question types are featured much more heavily on the Math with Calculator section. Math With Calculator Section Structure You can use a calculator throughout this 55-minute section, though you don’t necessarily need to. College Board says it wants to test your calculator fluency, or your ability to determine when a calculator’s a useful tool and when it would just slow you down. The Math with Calculator is the longer of the two math sections and asks 38 questions. This leaves you with about 1 minute and 17 seconds per question. The Math with Calculator section asks 30 multiple choice questions and eightgrid-ins. One of the grid-ins will be an Extended Thinking question, which features a word problem or graphic and asks two or more questions about it. Outside of this Extended Thinking question, the math questions won’t relate to one another. Aswith the Math No Calculator section, the grid-ins will come at the end: Time #of Multiple Choice #of Grid-ins 55 minutes 30 (#1-30) 8 (#31-38) The Math with Calculator section tests from the same skill areas as the Math No Calculator - Heart of Algebra, Passport to Advanced Math, and Additional topics - but it alsotests Problem Solving and Data Analysis. In fact, almost half of the Math with Calculator questions fall into this skill area, as you can see in the chart below . Content Categories # of Questions Percent of Test Heart of Algebra 11 29% Passport to Advanced Math 7 18% Problem Solving and Data Analysis 17 45% Additional Topics 3 8% Source: College Board This section may be your last on the SAT, meaning you’ll pass in your materials and leave the testing center. If you elect to take the essay, then you’ll get a 5-minute break and then move onto the Essay section. Essay Section Structure The 50-minute Essay section tasks you with writing an essay based on a 650 to 750-word passage. You’ll be prompted to write a thesis-driven essay in which you analyze the passage’s argument. This assignment is entirely different from the one on the old SAT, where you were asked to present an opinion and support it with examples from pretty much anywhere, like your personal experience or favorite books. On the new SAT Essay section, your prompt will typically give you a succinct summary of the passage’s central argument. Then you’ll be asked to analyze how the author builds his/her argument. Here’s one example of an essay prompt from College Board: Write an essay in which you explain how Paul Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience that natural darkness should be preserved. In your essay, analyze how Bogard uses one or more of the features in the directions that precede the passage (or features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage. Your essay should not explain whether you agree with Bogard’s claims, but rather explain how Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience.* *Emphasis mine. As you see in this example, you’ll be reminded that your essay should not discuss whether or not you agree with the author’s claims. Instead, you should present an objective breakdown of the techniques the author uses to persuade his/her readers. If you’ve made it this far, you now have an understanding of the SAT’s structure, both on the big picture level and in each individual section. There’s another important feature to learn to understand the new SAT format - how the SAT is scored. Everyone can sing along to the beautiful melody of "rights-only" scoring. How Is the New SAT Scored? The new SAT is scored on a scale from 400 to 1600. You’ll get two section scores, one for Math and one for Evidence-Based Reading and Writing (EBRW), which is essentially your Reading and Writing sections combined. The scale for both Math and EBRW ranges from 200 to 800. If you choose to take the essay, your essay score won’t factor into your total scores. Your essay will be scored by two readers. You’ll get three scores between 2 and 8 for three areas: Reading, Analysis, and Writing. A perfect essay score would be an 8|8|8. In addition to your section and total scores, you’ll also get test scores that show how you performed on each of the four sections individually. Plus, cross-test scores and subscores will break down certain skills, showing how you did on questions that test your Analysis in Science, Command of Evidence, and Words in Context skills, to give a few examples. These subscores can serve as valuable feedback for your test prep, but the most important scores for college are your section scores and how they combine to form a total score out of 1600. One last note about SAT scoring - the process now uses â€Å"rights-only† scoring. In other words, you won’t get any point deductions for wrong answers. You’ll just get one point for every correct answer, and no points for wrong or blank answers. Now that you’re familiar with the format of the new SAT, let’s consider what the main structural updatesmean for students. How can you evolve to meet the challenges of a new SAT world? How to Adapt to the New SAT Format: 4 Tips Simply familiarizing yourself with the new format is one important step in your SAT preparation. If you know the test inside and out, then you’ll know exactly what to expect on test day and eliminate any unwelcome surprises. Let’s look at the new features on theSAT this year and how you can best prepare for them. #1: Learn to Manage Your Time Over Four Long Sections Four sections is a big decrease from ten, which is what students got on the old SAT. In previous years, students had to shift their thinking quickly from one subject to another and back again. Now, students taking the new SAT are tasked with maintaining focus on one subject for a longer period of time. On the Reading section, for example, you’ll be reading and delving into five passages in a row. On Math, you’ll be answering questions for almost an hour, even more if you consider the "no calculator" section together with the "calculator permitted" section. Working quickly and efficiently under narrow time constraints is still an essential skill, but now you also have to endure focus for longer periods of time. You’ll also need to sharpen your time management skills, figuring out how to divide your time so you don’t, for example, spend an hour on one or two Reading passages and run out of time on the remaining ones. Finally, you should work on mental strategies for recovering from a particularly challenging question or passage. You don’t want to let one hurdle trip you up for the rest of the section. Instead, you’ll have to know when to move on because your time will be better spent on otherquestions. #2: Determine Whether You Need the Essay Since the new essay is optional, you have some more research to do before you register for the SAT besides your optimal test date. You should figure out whether or not you need to take the essay section for your prospective colleges. If you are taking the essay, then you’ll have to prepare for this section separately from the other sections. First, you should familiarize yourself with the rubric that graders will use to give you their three scores for reading, analysis, and writing. Then you should focus on honing your ability to analyze an argument and write an organized, well-supported essay under time constraints. This section calls on your writing skills, but it also tests your reading comprehension and analysis. With the elimination of the experimental section, you're no longer a College Board guinea pig. #3: Forget About the Experimental Section The new SAT no longer features an extra unscored section to test out new material. Since this section was never identified, its absence shouldn’t affect your test-taking experience very much. Fortunately, you won’t have to deal with unusual format or question types you haven’t prepared for, nor will you have to add an extra section to your practice tests to account for extra time. Instead, you can feel confident that your official SAT practice tests will resemble the SAT you’ll get on test day. The structure is much more predictable, so you should go into test day knowing exactly what to expect. #4: Use the New Scoring System to Your Advantage There are a few ways that you can make the most of the new SAT scoring system. For one, the rights-only scoring means that you shouldn’t leave any questions blank. Since there are no more point deductions, you should make your best guess on every question. Even if you’re not sure, you have a shot at getting it right (an even greater shot now that the multiple choice questions feature four answer choices instead of five!). Since math now counts as half of your total score (in the past, it counted toward one-third), you may shape your test prep to reflect this altered emphasis. You may divide your time so that you focus just as much on math as you do on the verbal sections, especially if you’re weaker in math. Of course, the way you divide your time also depends on your individual strengths and weaknesses as a student. Finally, you can use all the cross-test and subscores to inform your test prep. You should take the time to calculate these various scores for your official practice tests. Then you can look for patterns in the questions you tend to answer right and the ones you tend to get wrong. For instance, your subscores might reveal that you’re strong on Words in Context questions but need to work on Command of Evidence. You can use these score typesas feedback to adjust your test prep and target your weak spots. Reading this guide is a great initial step in studying for the SAT, as it helps you get familiar with big picture format, like timing and number of questions. Below are some moreresources for learning about thecontent ofeach section, along with some strategies for studying for the new SAT. Now that you know about the format of the new SAT, you can move on to learning about content and question types. How Can You Prep for the New SAT? Now that you understand the structure of the test, you may have some other questions that have come to mind. What exactly is Heart of Algebra, for instance. How do questions test your Command of Evidence? How do the passage-based Writing questions differ from the passage-based Reading questions? We have lots of guides covering the content of the new SAT, as well as articles that offer strategies for time management and approaching each question type. Here are a few essential ones that may be useful as your next step in learning about the SAT. New SAT Math: What's Changing? New SAT Reading Section: Changes and Strategies New SAT Writing: What You Need to Know How to Study for the New SAT in 2016 How Long Should You Study for the SAT? A 6 Step Guide Once you know exactly what to expect on test day, you can delve even deeper into content and strategies and design your best study plan to conquer the SAT. What’s Next? If you’re familiar with the ACT, you might have noticed that the SAT and ACT now look extremely similar. This guide shows just how alike the two tests are with a full comparison of the new SAT and the ACT. In addition toits format changes, another major change to the SAT is its elimination of obscure vocab words. Check out this guide to learn about how important vocabulary is on the new SAT and how to study vocab in the right way to prepare. In its efforts to becomemore transparent about the SAT, College Board partnered with Khan Academy to offer free study resources tostudents. Check out this guide to learn about Khan Academy’s SAT prep program, as well as some of its limitations. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

ASEAN Free Trade Area Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ASEAN Free Trade Area - Essay Example The AFTA agreement aims at promoting free trade in the region by bringing down the tax barriers and making the trade related policy framework to be more encouraging. The agreement can be understood as a kind of regional liberalization of trade policies that are favorable for boosting regional trade. Further the article focuses to find out whether if formation of this agreement has created trade creation or trade diversion. Trade creation can be considered as a development whereas trade diversion from the non member nations to the member nations can not be considered as a positive development. An important instrument for applying the trade agreement in the total region is the Common Effective Preferential Tariff scheme that requires the tariff of certain commodity to fall below zero to five percent. These commodities include capital and non capital as well as manufactured goods. This process of liberalization and eliminating the identified commodities from taxable commodities has been phased out in for phases. This has been done in order to prevent any instantaneous impact over the respective national economies of the member countries. A gradual tariff reduction would assure that the change shall be absorbed over a period of years and thus promote trade. After fifteen years of the agreement, it can be observed that the countries have largely succeeded in achieving the goals.